Microwave communication

Microwave communication

 

Microwave communication is method of wirelessly sending data. It is very similar to radio technology. Microwaves are right next to radio waves on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Microwave is a line-of-sight wireless communication technology that uses high frequency beams of radio waves to provide high speed wireless connections that can send and receive voice, video, and data information.
Microwave links are are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it.
Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.
The higher part of the radio electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies are above 30 GHz and below 100 GHz, are called “millimeter waves” because their wavelengths are conveniently measured in millimeters, and their wavelengths range from 10 mm down to 3.0 mm. Radio waves in this band are usually strongly attenuated by the Earthly atmosphere and particles contained in it, especially during wet weather. Also, in wide band of frequencies around 60 GHz, the radio waves are strongly attenuated by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. The electronic technologies needed in the millimeter wave band are also much more complex and harder to manufacture than those of the microwave band, hence cost of Millimeter Wave Radios are generally higher.

History of Microwave Communication

James Clerk Maxwell, using his famous “Maxwell’s equations,” predicted the existence of invisible electromagnetic waves, of which microwaves are a part, in 1865. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz became the first to demonstrate the existence of such waves by building an apparatus that produced and detected microwaves in the ultra high frequency region. Hertz recognized that the results of his experiment validated Maxwell’s prediction, but he did not see any practical applications for these invisible waves. Later work by others led to the invention of wireless communications, based on microwaves. Contributors to this work included Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi, Samuel Morse, Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), Oliver Heaviside, Lord Rayleigh, and Oliver Lodge.

 

VoLTE architecture

VoLTE architecture

 

 VoLTE stands for voice over Long Term Evolution. Utilizing IMS technology, it is a digital packet voice service that is delivered over IP via an LTE access network.

IMS – IP Multimedia Subsystem is a standalone system. It resides out of the LTE network and connected to PDN Gateway through SGi interface.
The EPC has three main functional elements.

• The first one is Mobility Management Entity (MME). MME is the single most control point in the EPC and responsible for most of the control plane functions.
• The second in the list is Serving Gateway (S-GW). All IP packets in uplink and downlink flow through S-GW. S-GW is also responsible for handling handovers.
• The last in the list is P-GW or PDN Gateway. P-GW allocates IP addresses to UEs. It also provides interfaces towards internet and IMS.

 

LTE architecture

LTE  architecture

 

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a complex technology, and most of could use a hand understanding it. This can be helped with LTE Network Diagrams. But first, we need to establish a general definition of this new, vivacious network and its architecture. In order to provide today’s users with that fast connections, LTE  relies on radio access and employs non-radio aspects with System Architecture Evolution (SAE), which includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. In Alcatel Lucent’s strategic white paper The LTE Network Architecture: A comprehensive tutorial, authors Sudeep Palat and Phillip Godin explain how together, LTE and SEA comprise the EPS

OPTICAL FIBER DEFINITION

 

Optical fibers is used as a medium for telecommunication and networking. Light in a fiber optic cable travels through a core by constantly bouncing from the cladding, a principle termed total internal reflection. As the cladding does not absorb any light from the core, light waves travel longer distances. Fibers with a sizable core diameter may be analyzed by geometrical optics. These fibers are called multi-mode fiber.

4G VS 5G Technology

4G VS 5G Technology

the fifth generation of mobile telecoms technology by 2020, according to . 5G technology promises mobile data speeds that far outstrip the fastest home broadband network currently available in the UK.
With speeds of up to 100 gigabits per second, 5G will be as much as 1,000 times faster than 4G, the latest iteration of mobile data technology. The gains brought about by 4G are already being felt by businesses whose employees are often on the move.
3G does not have the capacity to cope with modern mobile working demands. Workers in urban centres often feel the effects the most, with slow and sometimes non-existent mobile connections common in peak hours. Because 4G networks have higher base speeds, they experience less of this peak-hour strain. There is more than enough capacity to share for core services, such as e-mail and web browsing.